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Tuesday, January 15, 2008

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS protocol is a packet-switch protocol; define for web applications in GSM network. In other words Internet on GSM network is standardized as GPRS network. GPRS has digital structure and this structure based on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique. One TDMA frame has 8 time slots (TSs). These TSs can be allocated to users, and single TS can be shared by several active users for uplink and downlink purposes. Different coding schemes are used to enhance data rate from 9Kbps to 150 Kbps per user, and it takes 0.5 to 1 second. Security features in GPRS is provided by GSM network.

GPRS Architecture

Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) circuit-switch architecture does not support the GPRS packet-switch architecture. Thus, GPRS requires its own network architecture. Several networks and databases e.g. Mobile Station (MS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), Home Location Register (HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR) in existing GSM network are modified in GPRS network.

GPRS architecture introduces the following network nodes to GSM architecture.

  • Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

  • Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

  • Mobile Station (MS)

  • Base Station System (BSS)

  • Home Location Register (HLR)

  • Visitor Location Register (VLR)

1.Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): In GPRS network SGSN is equivalent to MSC. Packets of data between MSC and Public Switch Data Network (PSDN) are transferred and received by SGSN.

2.Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): GSM databases e.g. HLR and VLR are supported by GGSN. It also interacts with external packet-switch networks.

3.Mobile Station (MS): In GPRS network MS consists of Mobile Terminal (MT) and Terminal Equipment (TE). A computer attached to MT is called a ME. Through air, MT communicates with the BSS.

4.Base Station System (BSS): In BSS, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) are modified to support GPRS channel coding schemes BTS is modified while to forward calls to Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and data to SGSN through Packet Control Unit (PCU), is supported by BSC. One SGSN is served by one BSC.

5.Home Location Register (HLR): In GPRS, HLR contains information about routing. To map an MS to one or more GGSNs, update the SGSN and to store the Internet Protocol (IP) address, this information is accessed by both SGSN and GGSN.

6.Visitor Location Register (VLR): In GPRS. VLR contains the SGSN number and this number indicates the MS currently served by the SGSN.

GPRS Interfaces

Different interfaces are used for routing between network nodes in GPRS.

  • Um interface provides communication between MS and BSS.

  • Gb interface provides connection between BSS and SGSN.

  • Gn interface provides connection between SGSN and GGSN within the same GPRS network.

  • Gp interface provides connection between SGSN and GGSN when they are in different GPRS network.

  • Gi interface provides connection between GGSN and external networks.

  • Gs interface provides communication between MSC and SGSN.

GPRS functional Groups

The functions which are defined in GPRS are following.

  • Network access function: Point to point data transfer, registration of MS with packet data protocols, radio resources for MS communication and charging information about packet transmission, is provided by this function.

  • Packet routing and transfer function: Routing of data between an MS and destination, conversion of GPRS address to external address and forwarding of packets between an MS and GGSN, is provided by this function.

  • Logical link management function: The communication between an MS and the GSM network is maintained by it.

  • Radio resources management function: Radio communication paths are allocated by it.

  • Mobility management function: Current location of an MS is kept by it. When an MS is entered to a new area, all routing and location in formations are also updated by it.

  • Network management function: If provides mechanisms to support network functions related to GPRS.

Advantages

The major advantage of GPRS is that, to access data no dial-up connection is

How to increase the processor power of your computer?

How to increase the processor power of your computer?

Today tip is very useful for those users who are still using computer with minimum processor speed. To increase the performance of slow computer, you can force your system to free up the idle tasks that are running in the background and sharing processor power. This end tasks method force the computer to devote its full processor resource to what you want it to do.

Follow the given steps to end the idle tasks:

  • To enable this feature, you will need to be logged into your computer with administrative rights.

· Click Start button and click on Run option.

· In the Run box, type the command Rundll32.exe advapi32.dll,ProcessIdleTasks command and press Ok button.





Here system will take some time to end the background idle tasks.

How to disable the unread email notification in XP welcome screen?

How to disable the unread email notification in XP welcome screen?

Windows XP by default display the list of unread email on the windows welcome screen. But some time this unread email notification is irritating users and they don't want to display it on the welcome screen. They can easily disable it using the windows registry editor. Make sure before modifying your system Registry about its backup because Registry contains all information how your system runs. This backup will help you to restore Registry in case any problem occurs after modifying.



Follow the given steps to disable the email notification option:

To edit the computer registry, first you should log onto your computer with administrative rights.

First click on Start button and type "Regedit" in Run option.



Here locate the location to:

Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE \ SOFTWARE \ Microsoft \ Windows \ CurrentVersion \ UnreadMail



Here in right side panel, double click on the key MessageExpiryDays and set its value to 0.



But if MessageExpiryDays key doesn't exist, then in right side panel, click right to create a key with the name MessageExpiryDays and then set its value to 0.

Now close the registry editor and restart your computer after any changes to go into effect.

Add Check Boxes In Vista Windows Explorer For Selecting Multiple Folders and Files

Add Check Boxes In Vista Windows Explorer For Selecting Multiple Folders and Files

Up until the release of Windows Vista, when selecting multiple files and folders in previous versions of Windows, you needed to use the Ctrl or Shift key to select individual or multiple files and folders. With Vista, you can add a check box column to folder views to select files and folders instead of using the keyboard.

To add the check boxes option to folder views, open any folder or click on Start \ Computer to run Windows Explorer.

Once Windows Explorer opens, from the menu, select Tools \ Folder Options… and select the view tab.

Next scroll down to the bottom and check the box next to Use check boxes to select items (circled in above screen shot), then click OK to close the Folder Options window.

Now when you need to select folders and files, just move your mouse to the first column, and a check box will appear allowing you to select the item in Windows Explorer.

Cool, now you don't need to use the Ctrl or Shift key to select files and folders anymore.

Use Task Manager To Identify Excessive Disk Thrashing In Windows

Use Task Manager To Identify Excessive Disk Thrashing In Windows

How many times have you been force to wait for a simple task to complete because something in the background ends up thrashing your hard drive, slowing everything down? Helpless, you watch the light on the hard drive go from a flicker to a continuous glow, leaving you to wonder what process or program is the culprit.

To get to the bottom of annoying disk thrashing, an often over-looked feature of Task Manager, in both XP and Vista, provides the capability to add disk counters that can identify excessive disk activity.

By default, Task Manager displays the familiar CPU, Memory, Description, etc columns for each process that is running on your System. These columns are actually performance counters that are also found with Windows perfmon (performance monitoring) tool.

To add, additional counters, specifically for monitoring disk activity, open Task Manager by pressing Ctrl+Shift+Esc or right click on the Taskbar and select Task Manager.

Then, from Task Manager menu, select View \ Select Columns










…scroll down and check I/O Reads, I/O Writes, I/O Read Bytes, I/O Write Bytes. Click OK when finished.




















The four columns will be added to Task Manager. If the columns are not visible (because you need to scroll to the right), you can easily click and hold on a column, then drag it to the left and order the columns to your preference.

As you can see from my Task Manager, vmware-vmx.exe has been the most active process in the I/O Read Bytes, I/O Write Bytes columns.

NOTE: To easily identify the most active process, click on the column name to sort the data either highest to lowest or lowest to highest.

What's interesting, is that most of the disk thrashing that occurs is not from writing to disk, but caused by reading.

To help understand, what these counters mean, let's take a look at their definitions listed below.

  • I/O Read Bytes - The number of bytes (bytes/sec) read in input/output operations generated by a process, including file, network, and device I/Os. I/O Read Bytes directed to CONSOLE (console input object) handles are not counted.
  • I/O Reads - The number of read input/output operations (operations/sec) generated by a process, including file, network, and device I/Os. I/O Reads directed to CONSOLE (console input object) handles are not counted.
  • I/O Write Bytes - The number of bytes (bytes/sec) written in input/output operations generated by a process, including file, network, and device I/Os. I/O Write Bytes directed to CONSOLE (console input object) handles are not counted.
  • I/O Writes - The number of write input/output operations (operations/sec) generated by a process, including file, network, and device I/Os. I/O Writes directed to CONSOLE (console input object) handles are not counted.

Now that you know how to identify what is causing disk thrashing on your Computer, you can begin to troubleshoot. Start by disbaling programs or process, Do not just uninstall applications.

Make sure you pin point the problem and understand why it is occuring. Once you do, your disk thrashing days can finally come to an end.

Monday, January 14, 2008

Run Firefox 3 Without Removing Version 2

Run Firefox 3 Without Removing Version 2

firefox3welcome.pngThe great people over at PortableApps.com have done it again. This time they have made the next major version of Firefox browser, version 3, available as a portable app. This means you can run Firefox 3 without disrupting the current Firefox installation and check out all the new features.

If you're not familiar with PortableApps, check out running Firefox on a USB drive for more information. In the meantime, let's look at how you can get Firefox 3 up and running.

Installing Firefox 3 Portable

While Firefox 3 portable edition is meant to be run on a removable drive, you can also install it in a folder on your hard drive.

Start by downloading the portable edition of Firefox 3 from PortableApps to your Computer and click on the executable to start the installation.

  • Click Next at the first screen.
  • Check the box to accept the License Agreement and click Next.
  • Click Browse to select a location to install Firefox 3 and click Install to start the installation.
  • Click Finish to close the wizard.
  • To start Firefox, make sure version 2 is closed then open the folder you selected during installation, and double click on FirefoxPortable.exe.

Import Your Previous Settings

To import your settings (bookmarks, etc..) from version 2, just copy your local Firefox settings right into Firefox Portable.

Locate the profile folder which is usually installed in:

XP computers - C:\Documents and Settings\[user]\Application Data\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\xxxx.default

Vista computers - C:\Users\Owner\AppData\Roaming\Mozilla\Firefox\Profiles\xxxx.default

firefox3c.png

Then select all contents inside the profile folder (except the cache folders if they exist) and copy (do not cut!!) to the FirefoxPortableTest\Data\profile folder. After the copy has completed, delete the file FirefoxPortableSettings.ini found in the FirefoxPortableTest\Data\settings folder (if there is one).

Now startup Firefox 3. If you have any add-ons installed in version 2, Firefox will check for incompatablities and allow you to check for new versions or skip the check.

firefox3b.png

If you are using Firefox 3 on a flash-based portable device, it is recommended that you turn off disk cache, password saving and history. These settings can be found within the Privacy tab of the Firefox Options window.

NOTE: If you experience any problems, disable any extensions or add-ons.

So what's new with version 3? A lot! You can check out all the great new features located in the Welcome page when Firefox starts for the first time or in the Release Notes.

Run FireFox And Thunderbird As Portable Applications on USB Drive

Run FireFox And Thunderbird As Portable Applications on USB Drive

portappslogo.pngAs Computer technology keeps advancing and hardware becomes smaller and lighter, innovations have been made that allow more mobility when it comes to accessing our data. A great example is with the portability of USB flash drives. No longer does the typical home user need to be tied to one computer to view digital photos, videos or documents.

With the same freedom these devices give us, software advancements has also been made with making applications portable. One that comes to mind, is a suite of applications including Mozilla FireFox and Thunderbird from PortableApps.com


PortableApps have been around for a while, but they recently released a suite that includes Mozilla FireFox web browser, Mozilla Thunderird email client, OpenOffice suite, Mozzila Sunbird calendar/scheduler, Gaim instant messaging client, GaimWin antivirus, Sudoku game, backup utility and integrated menu, all preconfigured to work portably. Applications are Open source or freeware. All capable of fitting on a 512mb USB thumb drive.

Installation is easy and once installed on your USB drive, a small system-tray icon appears. Clicking on the icon will bring up the launcher menu:

portapps11.png

From here you can run any application such as Firefox, as if it was installed on your hard drive. One of the first task I did after installing PortableApps suite was to copy my Firefox bookmarks from my Laptop to the installed location of Firefox on the USB drive. Now I can easily keep the bookmarks in sync and always have them with me.

Having the mobility like this has many advantages. With Thunderbird you can easily backup your email either from GMail or an ISP account directly to the USB drive. No need to create backup copies and always have your address book, settings and customizations available. Since the installation resides entirely on a removable drive, you can plug into any Computer and immediately begin to surf the Internet or work on documents or spreadsheets, save your data, unplug and have everything available where ever you go.

For the Tech geeks, there is also a version of Mac OS Classic 7.0.1 available.

PortableApps suite runs on Windows 98/Me/2000/XP/Vista and Wine if your running Linux. Check them out at PortableApps.com.


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